Warren Buffett, who many consider the most successful investor of all time, rarely changes his long-term value investment strategy. In fact, he regards down markets as an opportunity to buy good companies at reasonable prices. In this article, we will cover the Buffett investment philosophy and stock selection criteria, specifically emphasizing their application in a down market and a slowing economy.
Key Takeaways
- Warren Buffett is one of the modern era's most well-known and successful investors, able to weather even the most severe bear markets.
- Buffett's philosophy has been identifying fundamental value in a company's long-run competitive advantage, along with several more specific criteria.
- As a result, a bear market can be seen as an opportunity to acquire valuable companies' stock when their stock is on sale.
:max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/buffetts-road-to-riches-503bf79a9c444047840ea156fd648143.png "Warren Buffett's Bear Market Maneuvers (1)")
The Buffett Investment Philosophy
In times of economic decline, many investors ask themselves, "What strategies does the 'Oracle of Omaha' employ to keep his holding company, Berkshire Hathaway, on target?"
Buffett has a set of definitive assumptions about what constitutes a "good investment." He focuses on the quality of the business rather than the short-term or near-future share price or market moves. He takes a long-term, large-scale, value-based investment approach that concentrates on good fundamentals and intrinsic business value rather than the share price.
Buffett looks for businesses with "a durable competitive advantage." What he means by this is that the company has a market position, market share, branding, or another long-lasting edge over its competitors that either prevents easy access by competitors or controls a scarce raw material source.
Buffet has donated more than $41 billion to five hand-picked charitable institutions, $36 billion to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation alone. He has stated that all of his personal worth in the form of shares of his company "...remain destined for philanthropy." His intent is to donate 99% of his Berkshire Hathaway shares to philanthropy.
Buffett employs a selective contrarian investment strategy. Using his investment criteria to identify and select good companies, he can make large investments (millions of shares) when the market and the share price are depressed and when other investors may be selling.
In addition, he assumes the following points to be true:
- The global economy is complex and unpredictable.
- The economy and the stock market do not move in sync.
- The market discount mechanism moves instantly to incorporate news into the share price.
- The returns of long-term equities cannot be matched anywhere else.
Buffett's Investment Activity
Berkshire Hathaway is the main vehicle for holding Buffett's investments in various industries over the years. These have included the likes of:
- Insurance
- Technology
- Banks and financials
- Airlines
- Soft drinks
- Private jet aircraft
- Chocolates
- Shoes
- Jewelry
- Publishing
- Furniture
- Steel
- Energy
- Homebuilding
Here are Berkshire Hathaway's top equity positions:
The industries listed above vary widely—so what are the common criteria used to separate the good investments from the bad?
Buffett's Investment Criteria
Berkshire Hathaway relies on an extensive research and analysis team that goes through reams of data to guide its investment decisions. While all the details of the specific techniques used are not made public, the following 10 requirements are all common among Berkshire Hathaway investments:
- The candidate company has to be in a good and growing economy or industry.
- It must enjoy a consumer monopoly or have a loyalty-commanding brand.
- It cannot be vulnerable to competition from anyone with abundant resources.
- Its earnings must be on an upward trend with good and consistent profit margins.
- The company must enjoy a low debt-to-equity ratio or a high earnings-to-debt ratio.
- It must have high and consistent returns on invested capital.
- The company must have a history of retaining earnings for growth.
- It cannot have high maintenance costs of operations, high capital expenditure, or investment cash flow.
- The company must demonstrate a history of reinvesting earnings in good business opportunities, and its management needs a good track record of profiting from these investments.
- The company must be free to adjust prices for inflation.
The Buffett Strategy
Buffett makes concentrated purchases. In a downturn, he buys millions of shares of solid businesses at reasonable prices. Buffett does not buy tech shares because he doesn't understand their business or industry; during the dotcom boom, he avoided investing in tech companies because he felt they hadn't been around long enough to provide sufficient performance history for his purposes.
And even in a bear market, although Buffett had billions of dollars in cash to make investments, in his 2009 letter to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders, he declared that cash held beyond the bottom would be eroded by inflation in the recovery.
$112.4 Billion
Warren Buffett's net worth on June 25, 2023.
Buffett deals only with large companies because he needs to make massive investments to garner the returns required to post excellent results for the huge size to which his company, Berkshire Hathaway, has grown.
Buffett's selective contrarian style in a bear market includes making some large investments in blue-chip stocks when their stock price is very low. And Buffett might get an even better deal than the average investor: His ability to supply billions of dollars in cash infusion investments earns him special conditions and opportunities not available to others. His investments often are in a class of secured stock with its dividends assured and future stock warrants available at below-market prices.
What Businesses Does Warren Buffett Own?
Through his company, Berkshire Hathaway, the largest investments that Warren Buffett owns are Apple, Bank of America, Coca-Cola, American Express, and Chevron.
How Did Warren Buffett Make His Money?
There isn't one specific way Warren Buffett made his money; instead, he made it over many years through various steps. These steps include saving at a young age, reinvesting profits, finding a mentor, and living within your means. Buffett also took control of Berkshire Hathaway, a textile manufacturing company, which he eventually turned into a holding company, using it to purchase many other companies, which allowed him to increase his wealth.
Who Owns Berkshire Hathaway?
Berkshire Hathaway is a publicly traded company. Its largest Class A and B shareholders are Vanguard Group, SSgA Funds Management, Geode Capital Management, and BlackRock Fund Advisors.
The Bottom Line
Buffett's strategy for coping with a down market is to approach it as an opportunity to buy good companies at reasonable prices. Buffett has developed an investment model that has worked for him and the Berkshire Hathaway shareholders over a long period.
His investment strategy is long-term and selective, incorporating a stringent set of requirements before deciding to invest. Buffett also benefits from a huge cash "war chest" that can be used to buy millions of shares at a time, providing an ever-ready opportunity to earn huge returns.
