Abstract
The “Shiba inu” is the most kept and popular among the six Japanese dog breeds (Shiba, Kishu, Shikoku, Hokkaido, Kai, and Akita) officially recognized in Japan, and includes three varieties (two lines of Shinshu-Shiba, San'in-Shiba, and Mino-Shiba) showing different shapes and characters. In the preceding studies on the Japanese dog breeds, only a few studies distinguished these three varieties. Genetic backgrounds of the three varieties are still unclear. In the present study, we revealed genetic diversity and relationship among the three varieties of Shiba by microsatellite markers.
We analysed genetic constitutions of the two lines of Shinshu-Shiba (Shinshu-ShibalNippo and Shinshu-Shiba/Shibaho), San'in-Shiba, and Mino-Shiba using 17 microsatellite markers. Shinshu-Shiba was composed of two different societies of preservation, “Nihonken hozonkai” (Nippo) and “Tennenkinenbutsu Shibainu hozonkai” (Shibaho) . In addition, seven dog breeds (Hokkaido, Akita, Shikoku, Satsuma, Ryukyu, Japanese Spitz, and Labrador Retriever) were also analysed by way of comparison. The total number of dogs analysed in a total of 11 populations was 430. Average expected heterozygosities over 17 microsatellite loci of Shinshu-ShibalNippo, Shinshu-Shiba/Shibaho, San'in-Shiba, and Mino-Shiba were 0.641, 0.480, 0.508, and 0.588, respectively. These estimated values were similar as the average (0.603) of the above the seven dog breeds. In addition, the degree of genetic differentiation among the three varieties (including two lines in Shinshu-shiba) of Shiba was highly significant (P<0.01) .
A dendrogram was constructed using neighbor-joining (NJ) clustering based on the genetic distances among the 11 populations. The dendrogram exhibited a relatively close relationship among the three varieties (that is, four populations) of Shiba. The San'in-Shiba was distantly separated from both of the Shinshu-Shiba and the Mino-Shiba, while the latter two varieties (that is, three populations) were close to each other. This result might suggest that the ancestor of San'in-Shiba was divergent from those of Shinshu-Shiba (that is, two populations) and Mino-Shiba. We also constructed the other dendrogram based on the genetic distances among individuals belonging to the three varieties (the four populations) of Shiba. All the individuals within each population belonged to the same cluster. This result suggests that each society of preservation of the three varieties (the four populations) of Shiba maintains the pedigree within each population.
In this study, we revealed that the degree of genetic differentiation among the three varieties (the four populations) of Shiba was significantly high. From the present analysis, we concluded that the four populations (the two lines of Shinshu-, San'in-, and Mino-) of Shiba should be treated separately from each other in the future study.
FAQs
Microsatellite
These DNA sequences are typically non-coding. The number of repeated segments within a microsatellite sequence often varies among people, which makes them useful as polymorphic markers for studying inheritance patterns in families or for creating a DNA fingerprint from crime scene samples.
What are microsatellite markers for population genetic analysis? ›
Microsatellite markers are widely used for estimating genetic diversity within and differentiation among populations. However, it has rarely been tested whether such estimates are useful proxies for genome-wide patterns of variation and differentiation.
What are SNPs and microsatellites? ›
While microsatellites are used to analyze genome regions with repetitive DNA sequences, SNPs target specific individual nucleotide variations across the full genome. This targeted approach allows for more accurate identification of genetic differences and associations with particular traits or characteristics.
What is the taxonomy of a Shiba Inu? ›
The scientific classification of Shiba Inus is “Canis Lupus Familiaris”, while the scientific classification of Red Foxes is “ Canidae Genus”. 2. The Shiba Inus and Red Foxes differ in terms of their physical characteristics, as vividly seen in their height, weight, and the color of their coat.
What is the significance of microsatellite markers? ›
Microsatellites are one of the best suitable genetic markers for analyzing pedigree, population structure, genome variation, evolutionary process, and fingerprinting purposes. Genetic markers are basically two types—protein and DNA (molecular).
How do you identify microsatellite markers? ›
Microsatellite marker analysis involves PCR amplification of the microsatellite loci using fluorescently labeled primers that flank the repeated sequence. The labeled PCR products are then analyzed by CE to separate the amplicons by size.
What are genetic markers in population genetics? ›
Basic properties of genetic markers in population biology
Genetic markers are simply heritable characters with multiple states at each character. Typically, in a diploid organism, each individual can have one or two different states (alleles) per character (locus).
What are the characteristics of microsatellite DNA? ›
Microsatellites are composed of tandemly arranged repetitive DNA sequences (generally four to six nucleotides) up to a kilobyte in length (Fig. 33), most frequently located in untranslated regions (UTRs) and are characterized by being flanked by highly conserved sequences.
What are the different types of microsatellites? ›
Microsatellites (SSR--simple sequence repeats, STR--short tandem repeats, SSLP--simple sequence length polymorphism, VNTR--variable number of tandem repeats) are the class of repetitive DNA sequences present in all living organisms.
What are SNPs and how are they used in genetic testing? ›
Most commonly, SNPs are found in the DNA between genes. They can act as biological markers, helping scientists locate genes that are associated with disease. When SNPs occur within a gene or in a regulatory region near a gene, they may play a more direct role in disease by affecting the gene's function.
Microsatellites are tandem repeat sequences abundant in the genomes of higher eukaryotes and hitherto considered as "junk DNA." Analysis of a human genome representative data base (2.84 Mb) reveals a distinct juxtaposition of A-rich microsatellites and retroposons and suggests their coevolution.
How do microsatellites mutate? ›
The simplest popular model of microsatellite evolution is the classical stepwise mutation model (SMM) of Ohta and Kimura (1973) in which, upon a mutation, 1 repeat unit is either gained, resulting in an expansion, or lost, resulting in a contraction.
What is Shiba Inu linked to? ›
The Shiba Inu ecosystem is an open-source ecosystem of decentralized applications (DApps), protocols, and platforms that enable the creation of smart contracts and decentralized applications (DApp) on the Ethereum blockchain.
What are the three breeds of Shiba Inu? ›
Efforts to revive the breed included combining three surviving bloodlines: the Shinshu Shiba, the San'in Shiba and the Mino Shibas. Each possessed a different feature, whether it be a type of fur coat, the shape of the ears, its size or coat color.
What makes Shiba Inu different? ›
It looks similar to other Japanese dog breeds such as the Akita Inu or Hokkaido, but the Shiba Inu is a different breed with a distinct bloodline, temperament, and smaller size than other Japanese dog breeds.
How are microsatellites used in genetic studies in Quizlet? ›
Once a microsatellite and its flanking sequences have been identified, DNA samples from a set of individuals in the population can be analyzed to determine the number of repeats that are present in each individual.
How are microsatellites used in DNA fingerprinting? ›
Microsatellites or STRs are repetitive co-dominant sequences of 2–6 bp of DNA that are present throughout the entire genome. They are often used for identification or fingerprinting of DNA. Microsatellites are amplified by PCR using fluorescently labeled primers and the amplicons are separated using CE.
Why are SNPs referred to as genetic markers? ›
Most commonly, SNPs are found in the DNA between genes. They can act as biological markers, helping scientists locate genes that are associated with disease.
What are genetic markers and how are they used? ›
A genetic marker is a DNA sequence with a known physical location on a chromosome. Genetic markers can help link an inherited disease with the responsible gene. DNA segments close to each other on a chromosome tend to be inherited together.
